What Is an Externality

An externality is the effect of a purchase or decision on a person group who did not have a choice in the event and whose interests were not taken into account. Externalities, then, are spillover effects that fall on parties not otherwise involved in a market as a producer or a consumer of a good or service. Externalities can be negative or positive, and externalities can result from either the production or the consumption of a good, or both. Negative externalities impose costs on parties not involved in a market, and positive externalities confer benefits on parties not involved in a market. Cost of a Negative Externality A classic example of a negative externality  is  pollution. An enterprise that emits pollution while producing a product certainly benefits the owner of the operation, who is making money off the production. However, pollution also has an unintended effect on the environment and the surrounding community. It affects others who had no choice in the matter and were probably not taken into account in production decisions and is thus a negative externality. The Benefit of a Positive Externality Positive externalities come in many forms. Commuting to work by bicycle involves the positive externality of combatting pollution. The commuter, of course, gets a health-related benefit of the bike trip, but the effect this has on traffic congestion and reduced pollution released into the environment because of taking one car off the road is a positive externality of riding a bike to work. The environment and community were not involved in the decision to commute by bike, but both see benefits from that decision. Externalities of Production Versus Consumption Externalities involve both production  and consumption in a market. Any spillover effects that are conferred on parties not involved in producing or consuming are externalities, and both can be positive or negative. Externalities of production happen when producing a product confers a cost or benefit to a person or group who has nothing to do with the production process. So, as noted in the pollution example, the pollutants produced by a company are a negative externality of production. But production can also produce positive externalities, such as when a popular food, such as cinnamon buns or candy, produces a desirable smell during manufacturing, releasing this positive externality to the nearby community. Consumption externalities include second-hand smoke from cigarettes, which imparts a cost on people nearby who are not smoking and is thus negative, and education, because the benefits of going to school that include employment, stability, and financial independence have positive effects on society, and are thus a positive externality.

This is about the US in world affairs during the late...

During the late 1800s and the early 1900s, the US became much more involved in world affairs. In other words, they were becoming a world power. This meant many things, many changes. In the 1880s, the US was still known as a minor county, a nation known to play only a small role in world affairs. Before the start of intervening in other nations, the US had followed a policy of isolationism, or having little to do with the political affairs of other nations. This was advised by George Washington in his Farewell Address and had been followed by later presidents. At the same time, however, the US also followed a policy of expansionism, or extending its national boundaries. An example of this was their constant westward movement across the†¦show more content†¦However, these policies made Latin Americans eye the US with caution and dislike. Also during this period of time, Mexico was having problems within its boarders. After intervening in the Mexican Revolution, the US finally realized their status in the intervention of world affairs. They realized that their nations role had changed. This made it nearly impossible to ignore the continuous war in Europe. One that had been raging since 1914. Before the start of WWI, there were two major alliances in Europe. The Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy, and the Triple Entente with France, Russia and Great Britain. These alliance, along with the extreme feelings of nationalism and militarism, were the main causes of the Great War. However, there had to be certain event that started all of it. That event happened in June 1914, when Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. This visit angered members of the Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist group, who wanted Bosnia to break away from Austria-Hungary and join Serbia. On June 28, Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were riding through Sarajevo in an open car when suddenly, a young terrorist by the name of Gavrilo Princip stepped from the curb and took aim at the couple with a pistol. Just like that, the heir to the throne and his wife wereShow MoreRelatedThe Global Presence Of The And Krispy Kreme Doughnuts1498 Words   |  6 Pagescity street. It is hard to imagine a life where this is not the case, after all from the duration of most US citizen’s existence multinational corporations have been a well instituted reality. Life, however, was not always that way. At one point the US was a country which refused to involve itself with the outside world. Goods were produced in American factories for American Consumption only. This began to change in the late 1800s to the early 1900s due to a variety of factors. 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Goal Concepts Personality Social Psychology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Goal Concepts Personality Social Psychology? Answer: Introducation In the competitive environment, it is evaluated that to survive for a long time it is important to consider organizational theories. The theories of organizational behavior are connected with the human resource management so that the overall productivity level can be enhanced. In the recent scenario, the company focuses on recruiting talented employees so that the efficiency of the work can be increased. Organizational behavior helps the companies to analyze the job performance and personality of the employees who are working in the organization. Productive performance is essential for the organization as it helps to attain profitability. If the employees are not dedicated towards the operations then it can be difficult to survive in the competitive market as organizational behavior is an important factor (Gardner et al., 2016). This paper will take into consideration the role of organizational behavior theories in a positive manner that helps to influence the performance of the employees. In the present scenario, it is evaluated that companies implement organizational theories to increase the productive performance of employees. The approach of leadership is important to help in the evaluation of organizational behavior and also to implement the strategies in an organization (Luthans et al., 2015). This paper will also evaluate why effective care is required from leaders at the time of conducting the business functions like setting goals, designing jobs, working conditions and also to motivate employees. The focus will be given on how managers can influence the productive performance of employees and impact upon the different process of the organization (Hwang and Lee, 2016). In the present scenario, the managers of the organization focus on conducting the activities of motivating employees, job designing, creating positive working conditions so that employees productive performance can be encouraged. Managers consider organizational behavior theories to evaluate the processes of the organization and to understand internal and external interactions in a proper manner. At the time of encouraging the employees, it is seen that managers reveal many dimensions of their personality so that the employees can be motivated. There are many factors in the organizational behavior like psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics. Managers take into consideration these factors so that the organizational behavior theories can be implemented in an effective manner. The factor related to psychology analyzes the behavior in response to incentive and sociology evaluates the relationship of employees with others. Social psychology factors take into consideration the behavior of the individual in various situations like stress and conflicts. Anthropology evaluates the customer, traditions and social norms of the organization. Political science evaluates the power, authority and corporate politics that gives impact on the hierarchy of the organization and also focuses on monetary and non-monetary incentives so that employee's performance can be enhanced (Strategy, 2015). Job designing should be done so that the employees of the organization can feel motivated and satisfied. If the job is given according to the interest of the employees then efficiency can be attained in the work. It also assists the employees to accomplish their goals (Kiresuk, 2014). It focuses on minimizing the dissatisfaction of the job between the employees. Job design is considered by the managers so that the employee's productive performance can be attained. One of the theory is X and Y theory also known as common sense theory that offers different types of people in the organization. Theory x workers focus on monetary benefits and theory Y workers focus on improving the lives and independence. Theory X workers are lazy and unreliable. Theory Y employees are responsible and try to maintain the image of the company. The employee's productive performance can be enhanced by taking into consideration X and Y theory. The founder of Apple Inc also used this theory as this theory help s to motivate the team. In every organization job, satisfaction factor plays a great role so that employees can be retained. Designing of jobs in an effective manner helps the employees to satisfy the needs of the employees. It is seen that high rate of retention in software companies can be minimized by taking into consideration Theory X and Y because it helps in designing of jobs so that the satisfaction level of the employees can be enhanced. Also Herzberg's Two Factor Theory' helps companies in designing of jobs because it evaluates the motivators that cause job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in a company and managers can consider it in a positive manner so that employees productive performance can be influenced. Google Inc takes into consideration this approach so that the satisfaction level of the employees can be enhanced. This is the reason the company has won the title best place to work'. Managers can take into consideration various theories of the organization so that the operations can give a positive impact on the overall process of the organization (Kumar and Pansari, 2016). This theory is related to the satisfaction level of the jobs and helps the workers to encourage higher productivity level (Trpanier et al., 2015). Working environment assists the workers to enhance the overall productivity and performance level of the employees. If proper environment is not there in the organization then it can be difficult to survive for a long time in the organization. Organizations should also give emphasis on training the workers so that the activities can be effectively completed. Goals are important to be considered so that the profitability can be attained by the organization. The operations should be conducted according to the goals of the organization. The companies should share the views with the employees so that they can conduct the activities accordingly. Theories of reward are also essential as it helps the employees to operate the activities in a managed way. Managers give emphasis on creating a positive environment so that the employees can be encouraged to work effectively. Techniques of conflict resolution help the managers to create a positive relationship between the workers. There are vario us companies that consider behavioral management theory so that proper understanding of human nature can be considered and also the employees should be treated equally. Human relation approach gives emphasis on creating positive organizational relationships so that the workers can be encouraged (Pervin, 2015). It is evaluated that many companies face the issue of high retention just because people did not give emphasis on repetitive tasks that are boring and do not require challenging skills. It is seen that managers take into consideration "Goal setting theory" that helps to enhance the productive performance. Goal setting theory helps the managers to set "Smart Goals" for the workers so that they can conduct the activities in an effective manner. Microsoft considers the strategy as it helps to reduce the dissatisfaction of the workers. It helps to attain new roles, responsibilities so that job satisfaction can be enhanced (Miner, 2015). Motivation is one of the approaches that are considered by many operations so that employee's productive performance and job satisfaction can be increased. Expectancy theory is also considered by the companies so that the workers are motivated by what they require and how they achieve it. In this theory, there are two types of rewards: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic rewards also take into consideration personal growth, achievement and also the pleasure of an individual. Extrinsic motivation is seen on tangible rewards like to enhance the salary, bonus. Managers should provide rewards based on the worker's needs and performance (Saeidi et al., 2015). "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" is one of the important theories that focus on the needs and wants of the employees. The five stages of the theory are Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self-actualization need. The manager tries to enhance the safety and belonging needs of individuals. These are the requirements of the workers and if it is not provided then it can give negative impact on the performance. This theory helps to enhance the motivation level of the employees (Pinder, 2014). The organization should also provide flexibility in the working pattern so that the employees feel happy and good. It assists to enhance motivation and create a proper work-life balance of the workers who are involved in conducting the activities of the organization (Albrecht et al., 2015). This strategy helps the company to reduce the rate of employee retention so that food processing industry can be operated and in which the rate of retention can be enhanced (Nuttin, 2014). So, by analyzing the paper it is concluded that the study of organizational behavior gives emphasis on enhancing the performance of the workers and also create positive relationships. Goal setting theory helps the managers to consider the issues that give negative impact on the performance of the employees. So the organizational behavior theories should be flexible so that goals and objectives can be accomplished in a proper way. The workplace environment should be good so that the employees can conduct the activities effectively. References Albrecht, S.L., Bakker, A.B., Gruman, J.A., Macey, W.H. and Saks, A.M., 2015. Employee management, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,2(1), pp.7-35. Gardner, A.K., Diesen, D.L., Hogg, D. and Huerta, S., 2016. The impact of goal setting and goal orientation on performance during a clerkship surgical skills training program.The American Journal of Surgery,211(2), pp.321-325. Hwang, I.H. and Lee, H.Y., 2016. The employee's information security policy compliance intention: theory of planned behavior, goal setting theory, and deterrence theory applied.Journal of Digital Convergence,14(7), pp.155-166. Kiresuk, T.J., 2014.Goal attainment scaling: Applications, theory, and measurement. Psychology Press. Kumar, V. and Pansari, A., 2016. Competitive advantage through engagement.Journal of Marketing Research,53(4), pp.497-514. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015.Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. IAP. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Nuttin, J., 2014.Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Pervin, L.A. ed., 2015.Goal concepts in personality and social psychology. Psychology Press. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Saeidi, S.P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S.P. and Saaeidi, S.A., 2015. How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.341-350. Strategy, C.B., 2015. Customer Relationship Management as a Customer-Centric Business Strategy. Trpanier, S.G., Fernet, C. and Austin, S., 2015. A longitudinal investigation of workplace bullying, basic need satisfaction, and employee functioning.Journal of occupational health psychology,20(1), p.105.

Censorship and the Redression of Societal Imbalances free essay sample

Art, culture, and policy: three factors that govern our lives day In, day out. Although the relationship between them may not always be apparent, they both reflect and progress one another. If one were to change, the others would have to adapt. Im Nick Thomson, owner of Atlantic Records, long time social commentator, and avid fan of music. As can be inferred from the works of Irish poet Seams Haney, art has the power to redress social imbalances. However, politically based censorship is a roadblock faced by any artist that wishes to do so.Whether It be race, religion, ideology, financial class, gender, age, and Just about any other demographic or otherwise exclusive label, if the barrier of unnecessary censorship is broken there is no limit to what art can achieve. Censorship has been around ever since organisms were able to communicate, stemming from the instinct of living creatures to avoid what is seemingly dangerous, unusual, or offensive in any manner. Modern censorship Is a little more refined than that, with a range of categories, and laws that vary from region to region.Weve built cultures around the value of self-censorship and the needless censorship of everything around us for our comfort. The category that is most detrimental to the redressing of social imbalances is political censorship, in which a governing body prevents the free expression of information or ideas that may not support their image, objectives, or power. This often means the prohibition of public broadcast, being stocked in retailers, and In extreme cases, the very possession of the art piece. While this seems Like something that would only exist In preemptively dictatorships, It Is very much present In modern democratic nations such as the U. S. , England, and Australia. Two artistic movements that have been able to work round political censorship are punk in sass England, and hardcore hip-hop in the U. S. In the late ass and early ass. The goal of the artists in both of these movements was to shock the public and the government into paying attention to the silenced, uncommon viewpoints of social outcasts and minority groups, as well as the struggles they faced. The punk movement can be typified by the song God Save the Queen by the Sex Pistols and no, this was not a cover of the British national anthem. The lyrics of the song reflect the previously silenced anti-monarchist viewpoints held by a minority of the English at the time. They express the distrust, disappointment, and disapproval that the artists held for the Monarchy, even going as far to say that the Queen is as dangerous as a hydrogen bomb. In light of the explanation of political censorship provided earlier, It probably wont surprise you to know that this Is the most extensively banned song In the history of British radio.But through stores that were brave enough to stock the record, God Save the Queen quickly became one of the highest selling singles of the time having well and truly worked around the harsh censorship that was implemented on the song, a task that is not done by many, ND done well by even less. The groups influence can be seen in the approval rates of British citizens for the monarchy, having dropped from a majority In favor of the monarchy In the early ass, to a balanced 48% by 1997, and freely expressing Immediate censorship and abasement. Of the aforementioned hardcore hip-hop movement, N. W. A were by far the most famous, infamous, impacting and insightful group. With an acronyms name standing for Inning With Attitude, controversy for the group was inevitable. Their seminal 1988 album Straight Auto Compton was refused airplay on many stations, and even attracted investigations from the F. B. I. The album focused on exposing the police brutality of the time, the negative impacts of the illicit drug crack cocaine, the gang culture built around the drug, and the discrimination that black and Latino {Touts suffered at the hands of the authority. When questioned on the confronting content on the album, the groups producer, DRP. Deer is quoted to have said Were like news reporters. Were telling everybody exactly whats going on in the streets. Thats all it is. Due to the lack of conventional news coverage of these issues prior to the albums release, the middle and upper class knew little to nothing of what life in the hetero of California was really like. Since the late ass, studies show that discriminatory police brutality has dropped by as much as 70%, which has to be put down to the new found awareness that N.W. A gave to the people of America. While it may seem that these artists managed to break the barrier of censorship with ease, the truth is that it was a long and arduous process. There are many more artists that never get past political censorship, many messages that are never delivered, and many imbalances that are never redressed. All that needs to be done is the abolition of policies that support political censorship. But how do we stop this? How do we change a policy that is built around human culture, and continually reaffirmed by our own censoring thoughts and actions?The answer is simple. All we need to do is Change our thought processes. When something is strange or offensive, dont immediately hide it from view. Look a little deeper and take what you can from it, grow from it. Unlock your investigative potential, and we will see more instances of art redressing imbalances in all aspects of life. As we grow as individuals, the culture Nil reflect our growth. And in turn, policy will reflect the growing culture of investigation rather than needless, petty censorship.